Since version 1.25, Kubernetes removed Pod Security Policies (PSP) due to usability problems. The new recommendation is enforcing Pod Security Standards (PSS) via the built-in Pod Security Admission (PSA) or a third-party admission plugin like Gatekeeper.

In this post, we will explore the Pod Security Admission approach.

Motivation⌗

We all want to run our workloads as securely as possible. Pod Security Standards provide some guidelines that can help in that endeavor.

To validate if workloads follow those guidelines in the cluster, we can leverage Pod Security Admission. By doing so, we have visibility of non-compliant workloads that should have their configuration tuned.

Pod Security levels⌗

There are three different levels available (source):

Each level has a set of policies regarding different aspects of pod security, except Privileged which is completely open.

A key aspect is that the Restricted level builds on top of the Baseline one. This means that before attempting to use the Restricted policies, perhaps starting with the Baseline is a better idea.

For example, the Baseline level does not say anything regarding running containers as root users, but the Restricted level does not allow it.

Pod Security modes⌗

The are three modes available (source):

With these modes, we can confidently soft roll out to existing clusters. By presenting warnings and checking audit logs, we can get a sense of whether the current workloads are ready for enforcement.

Hands-on⌗

In this section, we will launch a kind cluster with audit logging enabled, instantiate the policies in a namespace, and finally create a pod to do some validations.

In this repo, you can find all configuration files and commands used.

Create cluster⌗

First, we will create a kind cluster with audit logging enabled:

kind create cluster --config kind-config.yaml

Instantiate policies⌗

With the cluster up and running, it is time to instantiate policies.

In this case, we are aiming at a Restricted level, but we are not confident enough to enforce it. As a result, we will set Audit and Warn modes to Restricted, and Enforce to Baseline:

kubectl label namespace default \
    pod-security.kubernetes.io/enforce=baseline \
    pod-security.kubernetes.io/enforce-version=v1.29 \
    pod-security.kubernetes.io/audit=restricted \
    pod-security.kubernetes.io/audit-version=v1.29 \
    pod-security.kubernetes.io/warn=restricted \
    pod-security.kubernetes.io/warn-version=v1.29

We can do this instantiation by labeling namespaces or by configuring the admission controller to do it cluster-wide by default. Keep in mind that many managed Kubernetes services, such as EKS, do not allow the latter.

Check with kubectl⌗

We will now test the Enforcement of Baseline and the Warn of Restricted by creating a pod:

kubectl run test-pss --image nginx

Warning: would violate PodSecurity "restricted:v1.29": allowPrivilegeEscalation != false (container "test-pss" must set securityContext.allowPrivilegeEscalation=false), unrestricted capabilities (container "test-pss" must set securityContext.capabilities.drop=["ALL"]), runAsNonRoot != true (pod or container "test-pss" must set securityContext.runAsNonRoot=true), seccompProfile (pod or container "test-pss" must set securityContext.seccompProfile.type to "RuntimeDefault" or "Localhost")
pod/test-pss created

With the warning presented and the pod creation, we conclude that:

• The pod does not comply with the Restricted level. 🔴
  • We have tips in the warning message to fix it. 👀
• The pod complies with the Baseline level, since it was created. 🟢

Check audit logs⌗

Warnings are great and allow you to have a short feedback loop. But in a real scenario, you perhaps prefer to see them aggregated.

Pod Security Admission adds audit annotations to the audit events recorded:

docker exec kind-control-plane cat /var/log/kubernetes/kube-apiserver-audit.log | jq '. | select(.objectRef.namespace=="default") | .annotations // empty | with_entries(select(.key | startswith("pod-security")))'

{
  "pod-security.kubernetes.io/audit-violations": "would violate PodSecurity \"restricted:v1.29\": allowPrivilegeEscalation != false (container \"test-pss\" must set securityContext.allowPrivilegeEscalation=false), unrestricted capabilities (container \"test-pss\" must set securityContext.capabilities.drop=[\"ALL\"]), runAsNonRoot != true (pod or container \"test-pss\" must set securityContext.runAsNonRoot=true), seccompProfile (pod or container \"test-pss\" must set securityContext.seccompProfile.type to \"RuntimeDefault\" or \"Localhost\")",
  "pod-security.kubernetes.io/enforce-policy": "baseline:v1.29"
}

Cleanup⌗

kind delete cluster

Final remarks⌗

Pod Security Standards can help us configure workloads more securely.

It can be challenging to adopt in case of clusters with many workloads, but the Pod Security Admission plugin provides mechanisms for a phased rollout.

Give it a try!